Cross cultural management Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Culturally diverse administration - Essay Example Investigations of the old china are helpful in the comprehension of the authority models in present day china. Exploration on Chinese initiative is certify to a researcher known as Misumi, who was Japanese. As per his exploration, he arranged Chinese administration into two significant orders prominently the model of execution and the support. Upkeep factor is the progression taken towards progress of the human work power. An intriguing close assessment of the authority style embraced in China uncovers that administration qualities are spread along the associations with close similitude. For instance, as indicated by Mobley, Wang and Li, the overview directed on state claimed ventures and the private possessed endeavors shows that the directors are progressively delicate to nature, are less dictator, and empower a ton of good practices. Specifically, the customary social qualities have all the more regularly molded the styles of authority and method of the board in china. As per Bode n, authority in china begins from different characteristics when contrasted with different countries; pioneers are made based on information and mentality. The preferred position that the ruler has is that the Chinese are faithful to their pioneers and are consistently prepared to assume up the liability at whatever point a need emerges. The current heads in china are progressively connected to the past conventional rulers since they share certain customary similitudes. As per Boden (2008), these qualities are Confucian methodology, legalistic approach, naturalistic methodology, just as the vital methodology. The Confucian methodology, which is otherwise called the humanistic authority requires a pioneer to have moral character and appropriate lead. He is additionally expected to be a deep rooted student. The legalistic approach requests that a pioneer experiences discipline at whatever point he turns out badly; it verbalizes for stricter sets of accepted rules. This pioneer is additionally expected to have the right stuff of drawing in gifted and proficient supporters, as opposed to them showing their abilities. For this situation, the pioneer is required to be shrewd, and consistently, abstain from falling into difficulty. The designated obligations ought to be joined by remunerations if a laborer performs well. Ch ina is a one of a kind country with an alternate social arrangement contrasted with different countries in the West; this has prompted its interesting methods of initiative styles that don't adjust such a great amount to those of the Western nations. The strategies for authority rehearsed in different countries must be extraordinarily altered in the event that they are to fit the country of China and the other way around. Gallo calls attention to that â€Å"in actuality a significant number of them will never function admirably here† (2011, p. 5), which means in China. There are social contrasts that exist among China and the nations from the west. There is likewise contrast in which desires are laid between the laborers and the pioneers. Another contributing element to these distinctions in authority styles are the cultural qualities that do fluctuate; a portion of the qualities from different countries that might be viewed as acceptable can be seen contrastingly in China. D ifficulties of administration are confounded and harder particularly when individuals from an association originate from various social arrangements from that of their pioneer. The naturalistic appr

Comparing the Major Theoretical Perspectives in Social Psychology Essay

Since people are such mind boggling, analysts had been attempting to find, comprehend and clarify human conduct during the time by utilizing alternate points of view. Every one of these procedures address these issues to some degree at an alternate level albeit now and then can be put onto a similar setting and by utilizing mentioning cautious logical objective facts. A portion of the major hypothetical viewpoints of brain science were created and molded over the span of history by a portion of the incredible analysts referred to and can refered to as followed: 1.Motivational or Psychodynamic viewpoint is one of the most famous of brain science approach that was created by Sigmund Freud. As indicated by this hypothesis, human inspiration is the aftereffect of contentions between instinctual yet for the most part oblivious mental powers that Freud called the â€Å"id, conscience and superego.† This methodology had added to the main formative hypothesis of human character by binds to carry these contentions to awareness utilizing intrapsychic structures. 2.Cognitive viewpoint then again clarified human conduct by utilizing distinctive methodology saying that these practices are for the most part insightful and can be controlled through an immense range of mental procedures like memory and consideration, conviction frameworks, critical thinking and thinking, demeanor and language. 3.Learning or Humanistic viewpoint depends on the possibility that individual can possibly self-realized or as it were to self-create and push ahead in response of their social and ecological conditions. Therapists like Carl Rogers and Abraham Maslow built up this type of mental viewpoint to attempt to tackle human issues and underscored on their capacity and potential to develop in a positive way. 4.Sociocultural point of view is accentuating on social connections and social determinants of conduct to clarify the psychological procedure of person. This point of view clarifies that psychological procedures are affected by components, for example, ethnic, occupation and financial setting and social impacts. 5.Evolutionary point of view clarified human conduct dependent on the organic advancement of his species to get by through regular choice and adjustment. References Organization of Physics (2008, March 5). Unpredictable Traffic: An Accident? Development work? No, Just Too Much Traffic. ScienceDaily Siri Carpenter, Karen Huffman, (2007-2008) .Visualizing Psychology, Second version, Introduction and Research Methods, 1, 4-27.

Drip Marketing 101 Definition, Benefits and Best Practices

Drip Marketing 101 Definition, Benefits and Best Practices If you have been using the internet for a number of years, you must be able to recall a point when, for a specific time period, you received a succession of emails and notifications from a certain retailer, seller or brand, providing bits of information about this or that product or service they are offering.You may have noticed that these messages are sent to you like clockwork, and you may have even started identifying a certain pattern in how they time the sending of the messages. © Shutterstock.com | SammbyYou have just been on the receiving end of that company or brand’s drip marketing campaign.DRIP MARKETING DEFINEDThere are many direct marketing strategies employed by marketers in order to increase consumer awareness about a product, service, brand or company. Some of these strategies have proven to be very effective in delivering what is expected of them, while others fall short. That is why you cannot blame marketers for picking one, two or three direct marketing strategies, and focus much of their efforts on them.One of these often utilized strategies is “drip marketing”, which involves the communication of information to nurtured leads or prospects, using a steady stream of marketing messages that is sent out over a predetermined time period or duration, following a schedule. Compared to traditional advertising, it may seem more arduous, requiring more work and, no doubt, may take a while to earn a return on your investment.However, if you ask c onsumers, a majority of them (73%, according to a Hubspot study) prefer to learn about a product or brand in trickles or drips, over getting all the information in one humongous package, and in one fell swoop. IBM’s study seemed to corroborate that data, showing that companies employing drip marketing are likely to enjoy a 48% average increase in repeat sales from converted leads.Take note that the target of drip marketing campaigns is not the company’s target audience or identified leads. The company, through a series of activities that include demand generation and lead nurturing, will come to the point when it is able to identify the high-quality prospects or leads (meaning those who demonstrate a great probability of moving on into the company’s sales process and purchase the product or service being offered). It is these prospects or leads who will be subjected to drip campaigns.Drip marketing derived its name from the method of sending out the marketing messages, which i s frequent, consistent and steady, much like how water drips from the tap. However, the phrase is mostly attributed to the agricultural concept of “drip irrigation”, where crops are sustained by consistent, steady and balanced watering or irrigation, in small amounts, so they will thrive without drying up or becoming too saturated.Drip marketing operates on the assumption that customers are more likely to purchase from a company or brand that they know and trust, and so the marketers will make it their objective to ensure that the customer knows the company, and will eventually get to trust it. Basically, through drip marketing, they will continuously “water” the customer’s awareness and trust.It’s about providing the right amount of water, at the right time and pace â€" which is exactly how the marketing messages will be communicated to the customers: the right marketing message and the right deliver method, at the right time and pace. It is frequent enough to keep the prospect aware about the product or service, but not too frequent as to overwhelm him, to the point of becoming an annoying disturbance.This type of marketing is seen to be most effective for businesses engaged in the direct selling of products or services, either to customers (business-to-consumers or B2C) or other businesses (business-to-business or B2B). It is especially recommended for businesses that offer seasonal products or services, or with offerings that are purchased infrequently, resulting in relatively long sales cycles.These types of purchases usually requires a lot of thought and consideration on the part of the prospect. He is likely to take his time before making a decision on whether to buy the product or not, and that is where drip marketing will be put to work.Examples of businesses that will benefit greatly from a drip marketing campaign are:Real estate agenciesInsurance companiesCar and heavy machinery dealerships or distributorsRetail businessesEvent planning and organizing companiesTypes of Drip MarketingFor the longest time, drip marketing has been almost exclusively associated with “email marketing”, largely because most of the companies that use drip campaigns opt to deliver their marketing messages via email. However, marketers have come to realize that other modes and means of communication may also be used. The messaging tools often used in drip marketing nowadays are:The marketing messages are crafted in an email format, usually through the use of automated services, and are sent to the prospects’ email addresses.Social media. Status updates, tweets and other posts on various social media platforms are also used widely in drip marketing. These social media posts are usually published in a regular but well-timed and paced manner.Web insights or web presence. Many marketers also make use of drip programs that direct prospects to relevant landing pages and engaging blog posts or other similar content online.Phone calls. Large companies acquire the services of third-party call center service providers to execute their phone call drip campaign, personally phoning the prospects according to a planned schedule to deliver the relevant marketing messages.Postcards, flyers and brochures. These promotional materials may also form part of a drip campaign, distributing them to the prospects over a certain period of time, with the messages showing a progression mirroring the prospect’s buying process.Newsletters and other printed publications. Usually, these types of publications are released, following a specific schedule and pace. It could be weekly, bi-monthly, monthly or quarterly. This regularity works and fits in the overall concept of drip marketing, making these publications ideal as vehicles for delivering marketing messages to prospects. Setting Up Drip MarketingGoal-setting. From the outset, you have to be clear on what you want to achieve with your drip marketing campaign. What is your end goal? Do yo u want to simply aid the lead nurturing activities of the marketing team? Is your focus on maintaining a strong relationship with your prospects? Or maybe your goal is to convince them to purchase your product or service.Content creation. Drip marketing puts emphasis on the “right information”, which means you have to make sure that you will offer great content in the body of your marketing message. Never forget that the heart of your marketing message â€" and of your entire drip campaign â€" is the content that you will deliver. The content must be relevant and useful, meaning it should offer something of value to the prospect. After reading the information, the recipient should feel that he learned something new, something good, and something that will convince him to consider buying your product or paying for your service.Identification and segmentation of audience. Drip marketing also entails getting to know your target prospects, especially their buying decision-making proc ess. After all, they are the target of your drip marketing. They are the recipients of the messages your will create, so you have to keep them in mind every step of the way. To facilitate the conduct of the drip campaign, segmentation of the audience, which is composed of qualified leads identified through lead nurturing, into smaller groups. Marketers make use of various parameters in their segmentation. Some may base segmentation on the needs and wants of the prospects. Others may use factual data, such as demographic data and geographic location, to name a few. This will aid the marketers when creating content, since they can parallel the content to the distinct characteristics of the segment. It will also be useful when it is time to send the marketing messages, especially if the process is automated.Automation of drip campaign processes. The messages in drip campaigns are pre-written, so all that is left will be sending them out. If we are talking about just ten to fifty prospe cts to target with your messages, manual execution of the campaign may be doable. But what if there are hundreds or even thousands of target prospects? It is certainly going to be a lot of work, and may even become chaotic. The solution is to automate how these messages will be sent. Normally, automation will focus on the timing and frequency of sending the messages. Some companies also opt to automate how they monitor responses to the sent messages.Tracking and Monitoring. You will never know whether your drip campaign is effective or not unless you have a tracking, measuring and monitoring plan in place. Some of the variables that are measured are the open rates of emails, the click-throughs made by the prospects, and the rate of clicks on links included in the message. These results must be analyzed and evaluated, and will serve as a guide in improving the drip campaign. For example, you may realize that the content is not as effective as you thought, so you can tweak it accordin gly. You may also find out that the timing and frequency of sending the messages is seen as inconvenient by some segments. Monitoring and tracking will allow you to take the corrective actions and make the necessary adjustments.KEY BENEFITS OF DRIP MARKETINGThe short-term objective of drip marketing is to provide the right information, at the right time, to prospects, with a long-term view of keeping the nurtured leads or prospects engaged and successfully leading and getting them through the sales process.Below are the key benefits that a company can obtain from drip marketing campaigns, and their implications.Drip marketing helps cement the company’s position in the market and industry.One indication of the success of a business is its longevity, or how it is able to operate for a long time. The more solid footing a business has, the greater are its chances of lasting long in the industry.It is a given that businesses that are profitable due to a strong marketing strategy will h ave greater chances of being around for years and years to come. This “solid footing” can also be cemented further by building and maintaining good relationships. Other businesses and key industry players are more likely to maintain connections with a business that is trusted by customers, and that is what can be accomplished through drip marketing campaigns.Drip marketing keeps the company in the forefront of customers’ minds.This is something that companies aim for, especially during those down times, or when they are not actively selling a product or service in the market. Quick recognition and recall will guarantee that the business will remain relevant, and drip marketing will provide these “reminders” for the customers.Increase of brand awareness of customers. By keeping the company and the brand in the forefront of the minds of customers, even through small amounts of information at a time, the curiosity of the customers is likely to be stirred, and they will go out of their way to do their own research on the company, in addition to the information already being regularly provided in “drips”.Increase in conversions. By the time the prospect decides that he is ready to engage, or he becomes sales-ready, the first place he will go to make his purchase is the company or brand that he remembers and even trusts. Drip marketing allows the business to keep in touch with the customer and, in the process, establish a positive relationship with him. As a result, the company will be right there when the prospect is ready to buy.Drip marketing contributes to the company’s bottomline or profit.There are two ways for profit to increase, and that is to increase sales, and decrease costs. Drip marketing can help on both counts. As mentioned earlier, prospects are more interested in relevant content provided to them in drips, so these drip campaigns have higher response rates than traditional marketing methods.Increase in sales leads generated. When car ried out simultaneously with lead nurturing tactics, drip campaigns can help in generating a higher number of sales leads. In essence, the role of drip marketers is to cultivate these high quality leads or prospects for the sales teams.Low investment cost. Application of drip marketing certainly saves a lot of time and cost since, instead of creating separate additional plans purposely aimed at sales lead generation, the company is already maximizing the results provided by its drip marketing efforts. Maintaining good relationships with prospects and consumers will also go a long way in helping the company implement much of its marketing programs and accomplish its goals without a lot of expense.Drip marketing preserves the quality and integrity of marketing messages.It is always a challenge to come up with advertising content that will remain fresh in the minds of the audiences and, more often than not, the drop in the quality of the marketing messages will have an impact on leads and the potential for sales.In drip marketing, everything is planned and has a schedule: what message will be sent, how much of it will be sent, when it will be sent, how frequent the messages will be sent, and how long the intervals between each sendout will be. This allows a lot of room for marketers for flexibility, since they can effect changes when they notice that something is not working.At the same time, it also offers a guarantee that the information or content that will be sent as marketing messages will remain relevant. In other words, the quality of the marketing message will not suffer greatly.BEST PRACTICES IN DRIP MARKETINGMake sure you cover all the bases.Imagine going into battle. If you want to survive â€" and maybe even come out as the victor â€" you have to be well-armed. You have to make sure you are armed with all the right weapons that you will need.It is the same thing in drip marketing. Before you can start your campaign, make sure you have already covered t he basics, and nothing can be more basic than your target, or the recipient of your drip marketing tactics. You should know who your customers and prospects are, and you know who to target in your drip marketing efforts. From there, you can proceed to creating content and formulating the plan on how the drip campaign will proceed.Utilize multiple tools and market in multiple channels.Earlier, we have identified the various tools or modes â€" apart from email marketing â€" that can be used for drip marketing. Marketers, in a bid to reach as many of their qualified leads as they can, use a combination of these tools and channels to drip out content. Aside from sending out drip emails, marketers also send postcards.Clothing brand Mango, for example, sends drip emails to its identified prospects in the form of sale announcements, styling tips using Mango clothing pieces, and profiles of Mango models and brand ambassadors. In addition, they also mail out physical mini-catalogues of produ cts to the prospects every time the brand launches a new collection of clothes.Keep reeling them in.Prospects that have been successfully converted into buying customers by drip marketing are prospects worth keeping. Just because you succeeded in making them buy your product or service does not mean that your work is done. Drip marketing should still continue, this time with the objective of bringing the prospect further into the fold, and turn him into a repeat and loyal customer.An online retail store, for example, will send an email thanking the customer for his recent purchase, and asking him to rate the overall experience of buying from them. Several days later, it will send another email asking the customer to provide a product review of the items he recently purchased. These will be followed by a series of emails providing information or content that might interest the customer. The choice of the content or information will be based on the decisions the customer, as reflected in his purchase or transaction history.The job of a drip marketer does not end when a sale is completed. It will still continue, over the long-term.Do not completely rule out inactive prospects.Along the way, you can expect several prospects to “disappear” or go inactive. Does that mean that you should give up on them?You shouldn’t. Just because they may not have been as responsive as other prospects does not mean that they are a lost cause. In fact, you should still continue to apply drip marketing tactics on them for re-engagement purposes. Granted, you may have to be more careful when sending drip messages to them. Take it slowly. You do not want to be “in their face” about it; instead, you want to establish a non-intrusive presence. Instead of taking the company completely out of the picture, you want to remain on their radar.Marketers also take the extra step of analyzing why they lost that prospect in the first place. It may provide them with pointers or clues on wh ether they should tweak the message or if they have to change something about how the messages were delivered.Personalize the messages â€" and the campaign, as a whole.Marketers make it a point to customize the messages so they will be able to connect faster and easier to the target prospect. This is why it is important to perform segmentation as one of the steps of your drip campaign, since it will help you in the customization of your marketing message. In fact, the more segmented it is, the more refined your prospect’s grouping will be, and tailoring the campaign to each segment will be much easier.Customization of the message largely pertains to making sure that the message or content is relevant to the specific person or prospect that you are sending it to. Let us use, as an example, a company that produces and sells a line of skin care products. A Latina in her late 20s, and living in Mexico City, will not be receptive to emails that talk about how to care for Asian skin, or what skin products should be used during the cold winter months. Similarly, if the company sends emails about anti-aging skin products and how to manage wrinkles to prospects that are in their teens, it is to be expected that the emails will be ignored and unread, then immediately deleted by the prospect.If you want your messages to attract the prospects that you are specifically targeting, make sure to customize the messages and make them relevant. Tailor the campaign to all the targets in the segments.Apply creativity and variability in your content.Never forget that content is a very important aspect of marketing, so you have to make sure you give it a lot of attention. You should also care about its presentation, or how it would look in the eyes of the recipient.Prospects may ignore a drip email if they find it difficult to read, or it looks too plain and, therefore, not interesting at all. So, yes, email design is something to consider. More than the look and feel of the messa ge, however, you should take note of the type of content you share. There are a number of different formats that you can play with, and content types or formats you can incorporate into the message. Including images and videos to your text is sure to boost the content quality, and the response rate.Monotony is something you should avoid. If you sent an educational drip previously, outlining the features of the product, followed by another email talking about its benefits, you should avoid going on the same vein, following the same pattern, for the succeeding emails.Mix things up. You can share customer testimonials on your next email, and a how-to-use-the-product guide on the next. You do not want to bore the prospects with the same content. You want to keep them wondering what information you will share next.Hype your prospects up.Curiosity killed the cat. In this case, curiosity just might enable the cat to get the canary. When a prospect’s curiosity is piqued, it will build ant icipation, so he will be looking forward to â€" and even waiting for â€" the next drip email.An example of how marketers do this is by sending drip emails that are designed to be teasers. After a couple of teaser emails, an email with a formal announcement will follow. For example, a band’s recording label sends teaser emails containing a short message about an upcoming album to be released. Another teaser email will be sent several days later, containing the track list of the album.The next drip email will contain the details on when the album will be released, as well as how to purchase the album or the music, and where. There may even be emails about upcoming events for the band’s album promotions.In this manner, the marketer is able to capitalize initially on the prospect’s curiosity, then fed it further with the succeeding drip emails. By the time the album is released, the prospect may decide to buy it.Put technology to use.Technology has been instrumental in improving h ow things are done, and providing more conveniences for everyone. You, too, should take advantage of technology in your drip campaign.We’ve touched on this earlier, but a classic example of technology playing a major role in drip marketing is through automation. Not only will automation make things easier for the marketing team, but it will also save time, money and other resources that may be redirected to other marketing activities. Considering how many companies have reported how automation resulted to an increase in qualified leads (and potential sales) of up to 33%, taking that route definitely deserves careful consideration.Through technology, marketers can set up the timing of sending pre-written messages to prospects, in accordance with a previously drawn schedule or timetable programmed into the system. Autoresponders may also be put in place, for example, to welcome new members or new customers who just signed up for a new account.Technology is also used by several busin esses in tracking, monitoring and measuring the results of their drip campaigns. It eases the process and significantly cuts the time it would usually take to monitor, track and measure without the help of technology.Perform continuous evaluation of your drip campaigns.Marketers have access to various metrics and measurement tools to test the effectiveness of the campaign, but when should testing be conducted?Drip campaigns are conducted on an ongoing basis. There really is no definitive end, since marketers simply modify the campaigns as needed. That means testing should be done all throughout the execution of the campaigns, and evaluation should be done continually. In fact, marketers find themselves performing re-evaluations often.Clearly, automation does not entirely do away with the human factor. Programs and systems may conduct key functions in tracking, monitoring and measuring, but the analytical part will still fall on the shoulders of the marketers.Optimize your drip campa ign for mobile.This is something that more and more marketers are putting more focus on, considering the rapidly growing number of mobile users. Consider the emails you send, and the other drip messages that you share with the prospects. Are they optimized for mobile?This may require marketers to rework their messaging and the presentation of the messages, so that they can still reach the prospects who happen to use mobile. Who knows? The reason behind those “lost” leads or inactive prospects that you have identified earlier and grouped in a separate segment may have been due to them shifting to mobile. You can correct that immediately, and proceed to re-engaging them.

Analysis of Guy de Maupassants Two Friends - 1312 Words

We all have a place that we like to go to relax. For some, it is a quiet place and a good book to read. Others may enjoy spending quality time with friends and family. Guy de Maupassant enjoyed being near water. Maupassant â€Å"was a passionate lover of the sea and of rivers† (â€Å"Guy de Maupassant†). In his short story â€Å"Two Friends†, distant friends run into each other and decide to relive a peaceful activity they once shared: fishing. Maupassant’s love of the water influenced the content of this story. If the reader looks carefully, they can see several parts of the story that may have been influenced by the author’s life and views. Maupassant’s short story â€Å"Two Friends† is an allegory about his view of the ideal Frenchman because Maupassant†¦show more content†¦They are taken behind what looked like an abandoned house where there were several German soldiers. One of the soldiers addressed the men, calling them spies and only allowing them to live if they revealed the password they had been given by the French officer. The friends were silent. The officer assured them that no one will know of their secret. Again the men were silent. The officer tried asking both Morissot and Sauvage individually, but both men didn’t say a word. The officer then ordered the soldiers to raise their rifles. Morissot and Sauvage â€Å"shook hands, trembling from head to foot with a dread beyond their mastery† (Maupassant, â€Å"Two Friends†). The soldiers fired, and the friends died together. Once they were dead, a German officer ordered the bodies of the fishermen be thrown into the river. The officer then commanded that the bag of fish that the friends caught be cooked for the soldiers. Many parts of â€Å"Two Friends† were drawn from the author’s life. Guy de Maupassant was a private during the Franco-Prussian War and â€Å"his firsthand experience of war was to provide him with the material for some of his finest stories† (â€Å"Guy de Maupassant†). His participation in the war on the French side could be why the German soldiers are stereotyped as inhumane in parts of the text such as this passage describing the German officer after Morissot and Sauvage are thrown into the river: The officer, calm throughout, remarked, with grim humor: Its the fishes turnShow MoreRelatedWhat Is The Theme Of The Necklace By Guy De Maupassant1028 Words   |  5 Pages The Necklace†, by Guy de Maupassant First published in French in 1884, is a fabulous short story about unhappiness and being true to yourself. The story is about a woman, named Mathilide Loisel, who was a â€Å"prima donna† of sorts. However she could not have certain things that cost too much because she did not have the money to buy the items she longed for. 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Kate Chopin and Guy de Maupassant both utilize irony in their respective short storiesRead MoreEssay about Psychoanalytic Literary Criticism2493 Words   |  10 Pageswriters which gives us a view into their psyche. â€Å"To discover [the author’s] intention . . . I must first discover the meaning and content of what is represented in his work; I must, in other words, be able to interpret it† (Freud 212). The analysis is of the author, characters, audience and text. â€Å"A Woman Like Me’ written by Xi Xi from Hong Kong, in 1982 is about a woman who lied to her boyfriend about her profession because she was afraid she would lose him. Her fear came about when

The Philosophy Of Science And Science - 1030 Words

Before this class began, I thought of myself as a person who tended to lean towards science as fact-based and found it hard to believe in some philosophical and religious claims that were not backed up by experimentation and evidence. Five weeks later, my views haven’t changed drastically, but have instead been developed and broadened. I now understand the importance of the philosophy of science and why philosophy and science should be interconnected. The need to question things that may appear to be factual is something I now consider more than ever crossed my mind before this course. At the beginning of the course, starting in Lecture One, we discussed the problem of knowledge and the nature of scientific knowledge. The problem of†¦show more content†¦Examples like the theory of Plate Tectonics or the Alvarez Theory of mass extinction are cited as examples of theory acceptance and when it is appropriate. The overarching theme from Losee is that there are no rules th at can objectively decide the acceptance or rejection of a new theory. This is a confusing aspect of science, but is reflected in the history of scientific discoveries and those theories we still hold to be ‘true.’ Some theories are not necessarily confirmed, but are at the very least agreed-upon from empirical observations. By Lecture Four we covered multiple conceptions of method. Method is central to the scientific enterprise. The founders of modern science were looking for an impersonal, objective basis for their knowledge claims. This was coming at a time when science was separating from religion-based belief systems. Method is crucial to determining truth and developing scientific hypotheses. Without a method in place, the goal of objectivity within science is compromised. Method is discussed throughout the entirety of Losee’s book. Losee generously discusses theory acceptance, rejection, falsification, and replacement. He aims to show the method behind the se based on historical accounts in science, but as stated before, there is no set group of rules that govern this. Instead the development of hypotheses and theories that we take are integrated, comprehensive explanation of many ‘facts.’ These hypotheses and

Differences Between Fact and Value Free Essays

The words fact and value have always been used interchangeably. The disputes between these two words have always been an issue, sometimes unresolved. Even though, these two words are different, they are still often used to have the same meaning. We will write a custom essay sample on Differences Between Fact and Value or any similar topic only for you Order Now Due to the differences that existed between these words they often creates some problems, which require clarity. The word fact simply means truth about a statement, life, the world in which we live. In addition, it could mean an objective actuality, which can be subjected to test, verified by appealing to authority (science, books). For instance, in economics it is believed that the higher the price, the lower the quantity demanded. In addition, according to the law of gravity â€Å"everything that goes up must come down†. These two statements are fact. The answer to these is either wrong or right. If proved right then it is a fact. Fact is basically, what is. While, value refers to word that have some features of subjective statement. These are statement, which ask questions, this usually comes in the form of what should to be or ought to be and not what is. For instance, this statement gives a clear picture of the word value. Who is the better president, George Bush or Bill Clinton? This study is important to the sociologist because they research and they have to be able to differentiate between issues like this. They should be inclined and therefore, they should be up to date. In conclusion, this study is important to the sociologist. How to cite Differences Between Fact and Value, Papers

Universal Healthcare Risk and Enhancing the Health Outcome

Question: Describe about the Report for Universal Healthcare of Risk and Enhancing the Health Outcome. Answer: Introduction This assignment aims to conduct a research on the concept of universal health coverage. The country, which has been selected, is Singapore. Universal healthcare, which is also known as universal health coverage, involves a system of healthcare that provides healthcare as well financial protection to all the individuals of a particular country (Tan et al., 2014). It is concerned to offer a specific package of advantages to all the society members with the goal to provide an improved access to the services of healthcare, providing protection against financial risk and enhancing the health outcomes of all the individuals (Boerma et al., 2014). The assignment will describe and explain the health system over the last ten years of Singapore and will highlight the financial model to ensure effective healthcare systems. It will provide the examples of the policy that are related with the universal health coverage. In addition, it will also identify the principles that have adopted for ensuri ng effective health systems and the role played by the government of Singapore. The overview of the healthcare provisions over the last ten years In Singapore, healthcare is primarily a concern of Singapore Governments Ministry of Health. This country possesses a well-organized and widespread healthcare system. It has been ranked sixth in the world ranking of the health systems in 2000 and in the year 2014, Bloomberg has ranked it as the first most proficient healthcare system in the world (Haseltine, 2013). It has made a significant progress over the last ten years and is continuing to work in and efficient manner to provide the services of healthcare, which are accessible, affordable and of excellent quality. Over the last ten years, the capacity of healthcare has expanded in all the sectors. It has transformed itself from a country with poor outcomes of health to one of excellent in the world (McKee et al., 2013). The Centre for Strategic futures (CSF), Singapore, has contributed much in the healthcare sector and it has an association with the Ministry of Health for discussing the the planning of healthcare in the future (Blank Burau, 2013). In the year 2000, the Office of the prime minister of this country had identified the rapid developments in the system of information and technology. In addition, innovative dashboards to monitor the universal health coverage has also been developed, in which infographics and certain tools for visualization for tracking the progress towards the strategies, policies and priorities that are specific to this country (Guinto et al., 2015). The Ministry of Health of Singapore is also combining care across the system of healthcare, with six regional clusters of healthcare (Boerma et al., 2014). For foreseeing and avoiding the problems in future, the Government in the year 1983 has promoted a Natioanl Health Plan. It has highlighted the plan for infrastructure for the next twenty years (Ha, 2016). In the year 1985, the reorganizing of public hospices began to combine the business and fiscal disciplines into the services of healthcare with and intention to provide the services of a higher quality and providing financial assistance in an efficient manner to all the citizens of Singapore. National healthcare expenditure had been maintained at the level of three percent GDP during the period from 1980 to to 1990. Since the years from 1967 to 1995, there has been a progressive increase in the dollar term. In the year, 2002, the government with an intention to assist the elderly and the severe disabled individuals particularly had carried out the promulgation of the ElderShield Plan (Van Minh et al., 2014). Singapores Healthcare system philosophy comprise of three pillars (Bitran, 2014). Initially, this country intended to develop a healthy populace with prevention of healthcare and to promote healthy living standards (Boerma et al., 2014). Secondly, this country also underlines the individual accountability towards the healthy living standard through 3M (Medisave, Medishield and Medifund) system. Finally yet importantly, the government of this country has to keep the expenditure of healthcare down by controlling the area of supply of the services of healthcare as well as provide heavy subvention at the institutions that deals with public healthcare (Holmes, 2012). Source: (Boerma et al., 2014). The principles to ensure the effectiveness of health systems Singapore has transformed its healthcare system in an effective manner (Savedoff, 2012). Its healthcare system has been reorganized for encouraging integrated care of health across all the services of healthcare as well as between the systems of social service and healthcare. Healthcares infrastructure in this country in comparison to the most of the countries is subjected to extensive governmental planning by means of regulation of professionals of healthcare, levers of land release and differential funding by the private and the public sector providers (Sen, 2015). This country serves as the region of medical and healthcare centre and hub for the excellence of healthcare, providing supreme system of healthcare delivery and the facilities to all the individuals living in this country together with the global patient market (Hsu Lee, 2013). It serves as a platform for medical technology and delivery of healthcare and provides a significant opportunity to the regional ASEAN economies (Blank Burau, 2013). In addition, it is pursuing three prime strategies of healthcare, which are enhancing the long-term care, clinical research and offering care that is more sophisticated (Crisp Chen, 2014). The Ministry of Health (MOH), which is the presiding healthcare body of the government of Singapore, formulates the programs and policies to develop and regulate the products of healthcare as well as the services (Blank Burau, 2013). The Health Sciences Authority (HSA), being a statutory board of the Ministry of Health serves to safeguard and enhance nationwide health as well as safety. This country offers premium healthcare services for the populaces in comparison to the other developed countries (Blank Burau, 2013). The goal of this nation is to expedite healthcare sector transformation through the systems of infocomm-enabled delivery, cost-effective services and focusing on the accomplishment of enhanced quality care, an enhanced capability of the public for managing their health together with research of health services (Van Minh et al., 2014). Universal health coverage is offered by the subsidies of the government which are financed through tax and are available for all the citizens of this country at government polyclinics and public hospices (Van Minh et al., 2014). Co-payments are distinguished through income and choice of wards having diverse facilities. Medisave has taken the form of second level of safety and is a scheme for compulsory medical savings account for all the Singaporeans and this scheme can be drawn for paying their share of medical treatment (Guinto et al., 2015). It also serves to facilitate the families for saving up for paying their needs of healthcare in the future and a huge part of which will turn up in years after retirement (Savedoff, 2012). Another support which is offered by the national basic insurance schemes is MediShield. The Singaporeans pay the premiums of MediShield risk-pools for providing protection from the medical bills (Bitran, 2014). In addition, this country also provides an endowment fund known as Medifund that offers the best protection for ensuring that none of the individuals in Singapore is deprived of basic healthcare due to their poor financial status (Crisp Chen, 2014). It not only helps the individuals having incomes but also to the individuals who have a good income but get large bills in comparison to their earning (Mossialos et al., 2015). Source: (Savedoff, 2012). The role played by the government The government of Singapore merges the perception of individual responsibility as well as control of the government by means of a financing system of the subsidies of government for hospital services, primary health care and pharmaceuticals together with the personal savings accounts (Blank Burau, 2013). Besides the general taxation revenue pool which is collected by the Singapore Government. This country has a Central Provident Fund (CPF). The employers and the individuals contribute to three accounts every month (Van Minh et al., 2014). The first account is an ordinary account which is concerned with the savings for buying home, investing in education and insurance (Bitran, 2014). The second account is a special account, which is concerned with the savings for retirement (Crisp Chen, 2014). The government of this country plays an active role to regulate the supply and expenditures of the services of healthcare (Mossialos et al., 2015). The government has made immense efforts for improving the healthcare system. One of the most significant beliefs of the government of Singapore is that social harmony is required by a strong society. The government of this country has built a system that encourages a sense of impartiality and welfare through the economic opportunity as well as the delivery of societal services (Savedoff, 2012). The government had established the Central provident fund (CPF) in which the individuals keep 5% of their income into the account and their employer matches it. The money that gets accumulated could be withdrawn at the age of fifty five (Crisp Chen, 2014). The CPF has turned to be one of the essential elements which support societal constancy (Holmes, 2012). Singapores government possesses vision of a long-range for increasing the utilization of the Fund in due course of time and expanded it for allowing the individuals form saving and paying for healthcare and education as well as buying of home and retirement (Crisp Chen, 2014).There has been a rise in the obligatory contribution rates have raised over the years and at present it stands at sixteen percent of income for the employers, while for the employees, it is twenty percent. After crossing the age of fifty, the rates get reduced (Blank Burau, 2013). The contribution of Central Provident Fund for the feasibility of the healthcare system cannot be exaggerated (Mossialos et al., 2015). It assists to control the expenditures by encouraging the patients to have sense of responsibility regarding their expenses, after all, the money is possessed by them for saving or spending and it assists making the care accessible as well as inexpensive for all the citizens of this country (Savedoff, 2012).Ultimately, though it has recognized by the government that the savings of healthcare program would not be adequate for supporting care. In addition, the other systems had been put in place, together with a program of medical insurance as well as a societal safety net (Sen, 2015). Source: (Mossialos et al., 2015). In addition, the government of Singapore has taken significant steps for improving the health of the individuals living in Singapore (Mossialos et al., 2015). An early move intended to bring the services associated with primary care to nearer to the individuals through the development of a network of maternal and child health clinics and outpatient dispensaries (Hsu Lee, 2013). Conclusion In the end, it can be concluded that Singapore has accomplished one of the most efficient systems with respect to the delivery of exceptional healthcare services together with the effectiveness as well as success. All these have been attained through the mutual responsibilities among the employers, individuals and the government. It is undeniable that the government of Singapore has made enormous efforts for improving the healthcare system. An active role has been performed by the government for regulating the expenditure as well as prices of the service of healthcare. This country serves as the region of medical and healthcare centre and centre for the healthcare excellence, providing ultimate system of healthcare delivery and the facilities to all the individuals living in this country together with the universal patient market. It has made a remarkable progress over the last ten years and is progressing to work in a well-organized manner to provide the services of healthcare, whic h are within reach, reasonable and of excellent quality. It has transformed itself from a nation having poor outcomes of health to one of outstanding healthcare systems globally. Overall, the government of Singapore is very proactive in terms of implementing the policies for maintaining the standards of healthcare in comparison to the other developed countries in an efficient manner. References Bitran, R. (2014). Universal health coverage and the challenge of informal employment: lessons from developing countries.Washington (DC). Blank, R. H., Burau, V. (2013).Comparative health policy. Palgrave Macmillan. Boerma, T., Eozenou, P., Evans, D., Evans, T., Kieny, M. P., Wagstaff, A. (2014). Monitoring progress towards universal health coverage at country and global levels.PLoS Med,11(9), e1001731. Crisp, N., Chen, L. (2014). Global supply of health professionals.New England Journal of Medicine,370(10), 950-957. Guinto, R. L., Curran, U. Z., Suphanchaimat, R., Pocock, N. S. (2015). Universal health coverage in One ASEAN: are migrants included.Glob Health Action,8(0), 25749. Ha, J. (2016). Book Review: Strengthening Social Protection in East Asia.Asian Journal of Public Policy,9(1), e5. Haseltine, W. A. (2013).Affordable excellence: the Singapore healthcare story. Brookings Institution Press. Holmes, D. (2012). Margaret Chan: committed to universal health coverage.The Lancet,380(9845), 879. Hsu, M., Lee, J. (2013). The Provision of Public Universal Health Insurance: Impacts on Private Insurance, Asset Holdings, and Welfare.Macroeconomic Dynamics,17(06), 1252-1280. McKee, M., Balabanova, D., Basu, S., Ricciardi, W., Stuckler, D. (2013). Universal health coverage: a quest for all countries but under threat in some.Value in Health,16(1), S39-S45. Mossialos, E., Wenzl, M., Osborn, R., Anderson, C. (2015). 2015 International Profiles of Health Care Systems. Savedoff, W. D. (2012). Transitions in Health Financing and Policies for Universal Health Coverage.Results for Development Institute. Washington DC. Sen, A. (2015). Universal Healthcare: the affordable dream.The Guardian,6. Tan, K. B., Tan, W. S., Bilger, M., Ho, C. W. (2014). Monitoring and evaluating progress towards universal health coverage in Singapore.PLoS Med,11(9), e1001695. Van Minh, H., Pocock, N. S., Chaiyakunapruk, N., Chhorvann, C., Duc, H. A., Hanvoravongchai, P., ... Phonvisay14, A. (2014). Progress toward universal health coverage in ASEAN.Global health action,7(10), 1-11.

Sarcasm in Pride and Prejudice free essay sample

Sarcasm in Pride and Prejudice Criticising Social Class â€Å"It is a truth universally acknowledged, that a single man in possession of a good fortune, must be in want of a wife† (1). The opening sentence of Jane Austen’s Pride and Prejudice does not only contain the novel’s major topic of marriage, but also presents an important stylistic device the author has been using throughout the whole book: Sarcasm. For further argumentation, one would definitely have to define the meaning of â€Å"sarcasm†. The Free Online Dictionary provides several definitions of sarcasm: 1. A cutting, often ironic, remark intended to wound. 2. A form of wit that is marked by the use of sarcastic language and is intended to make its victim the butt of contempt or ridicule. Two main aspects have to be looked at in detail, again: the mentioning of â€Å"ridicule† and the meaning of â€Å"wit†. â€Å"Ridicule† is the feature that is attached to most of the characters in Pride and Prejudice and can bee seen in the character’s own behaviour or it is pointed at in comments of others. We will write a custom essay sample on Sarcasm in Pride and Prejudice or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page The meaning of â€Å"wit† is even more important, as the Free Online Dictionary defines it as â€Å"the ability to perceive and express in an ingeniously humorous manner the relationship between seemingly incongruous or disparate things. † Actually, Jane Austen is perfectly able to produce this kind of wit and uses it to produce sarcasm as the novel goes on, as will be discussed later. As a reader of Pride and Prejudice, the opening sentence might seem straight forward at first sight and in no way arguable. The want of getting married seems to be natural and human. Still, by reading on, one will find Mrs Bennet, the mother of five young unmarried ladies, narrowing this first sentence to: â€Å"Oh! Single, my dear, to be sure! A single man of large fortune; four or five thousand a year. What a fine thing for our girls! †, while telling her husband about a young well-settled man having moved to a nearby estate (1). This kind of changing the meaning of a sentence or even whole passage into a sarcastic one, is simply the â€Å"wit† having been announced earlier. Having read the whole story, an attentive reader will have realized that Mrs Bennet is â€Å"a woman of mean understanding, little information, and uncertain temper. When she was discontented she fancied herself nervous. The business of her life was to get her daughters married; its solace was visiting and news† (3). Therefore, already the first sentence suddenly appears in a sarcastic tone if we take in consideration that this â€Å"universally acknowledgement† rather seems like Mrs Bennet’s own acknowledgement, or even more: her desire. One could argue that Mrs Bennet resulting presents a character that is caricatured in order to be laughed about, as Kalil also states in her note on Pride and Prejudice. However her status in society and her living situation completely changes this view. As a loving mother, who has in mind, that her daughters will never be able to hire the house they live in, she naturally would have no other thought than marrying her daughters to a man in â€Å"good fortune† who will be able to afford a home for both of them. This is also the reason why Mrs Bennet does not mind her second eldest daughter, Elizabeth, getting married to Mr Collins, her husband’s cousin and clergyman, who will hire the house the Bennet family lives in. Actually, Mrs Bennet finds Mr Collin â€Å"odious† (46), â€Å"hypocritical† (46) and a â€Å"false friend† (46), and therefore he would under no circumstance be a good party for her Elizabeth, but the fact of him being the hire of Longbourne, makes her allow him to propose to Elizabeth. Actually, this shows that people of the middle class sometimes will have to act strangely or even like a caricature (Blumenroth. 006: 17) in order to climb the social ladder. The characters in the story that are positioned on a higher level of society, on the other hand, are definitely presented sarcastically by the implied author herself, or even by focalizing characters in the story. As a result one can say that Jane Austen presents characters of higher class in a sarcastic way in order to criticise the upper class. Beginning with the character in the novel, who is highest on the social ladder: Lady Catherine De Bourgh. Being the daughter of an earl and the widow of Sir Lewis De Bourgh, make her able to own a luxurious house, named Rosings. Lady Catherine especially shows her arrogant character in many passages of the novel: She is aware of her higher rank and therefore believes that she owns the right of correcting everyone and controlling the lives of those around her (Ernst. 2008:23) Nevertheless, many passages can be found, which illustrate how opposed Jane Austen was to the character she herself created, which she expresses trough sarcasm. The first aspect that stands out by analysing Lady Catherine is her behaviour, which absolutely does not fit her high rank. First introduced by Mr Collins in chapter 14, she is described as following: The subject elevated [Mr Collins] to more than usual solemnity of manner, and with a most important aspect he protested that he had never in his life witnessed such behaviour in a person of rank – such affability and condescension, as he had himself experienced from Lady Catherine. † (50) Of course, this description is being focalized by Mr Collins and is not a characte risation by the omniscient narrator – the implied author. How him focalizing this description, effects the image the reader gets of Lady Catherine, will be discussed later. Still, Mrs Bennet agrees that this behaviour of Lady Catherine seems to be â€Å"all very proper and civil†, and she adds that :†it is a pity that great ladies in general are not more like her† (50). As Mr Collins continues, he praises Lady Catherine’s opinion on young women due to their distinguished birth being marked by extremely beauty (50). Taking in consideration that Lady Catherine’s daughter is of a sick constitution, which prevents her from â€Å"making the progress in many accomplishments† (51), it is not only silly, but even more sarcastic of Lady Catherine talking about young woman in that way. Her narrow-mindedness makes her think that birth-given rank creates beauty, which is unconsciously sarcastically commented on, by Mr Collins. This is already the first part in the novel, which presents Lady Catherine in a sarcastic way, because the reader will later realize that Lady Catherine is an insulting and unfriendly person and that her manners do not fit her social status. Taking her bad manners in consideration, also Mrs Bennet’s remark will surely sound sarcastically. Additionally, to Lady Catherine’s behaviour, which makes her high status already questionable, she is the one who makes herself look even more ridiculous. A key-passage of this â€Å"self-destroying† action is shown in volume III, chapter 14, when Lady Catherine comes to visit Longbourne in the early morning to accuse Elizabeth of spreading the report of marrying Lady Catherine’s nephew Mr Darcy. In this conversation, she accuses Elizabeth of her status not being high enough for her nephew of good fortune, Mr Darcy, whom she intended to marry her own daughter. Ironically, Lady Catherine does not only insult Elizabeth during this speech, but even more, embarrasses her nephew by accusing him of being out of his mind by proposing to a woman of Elizabeth’s class. She therefore criticises his ability to choose the right woman to marry. This scene includes even more sarcastic hits at Lady Catherine, which are presented through Elizabeth’s answers and arguments. While Lady Catherine cannot believe that the rumour about her nephew and Elizabeth should to the smallest account be true, she nevertheless travels all the way to Longbourne to ask Elizabeth about it in person. As Elizabeth fittingly remarks, the Lady would have never made this long way out to her home if she was definitely sure about the marriage being impossible to happen. Lady Catherine, realizing that her seemingly strong and energetic appearance do not affect Elizabeth, finally cried in rage: â€Å" [†¦] I am almost the nearest relation he has in the world, and am entitled to know all his dearest concerns! † (271) At this point of the conversation, it becomes obvious that Lady Catherine has a totally abnormal definition of â€Å"relation†. She claims that she knows everything about her nephew’s concerns, but still she has to ask Elizabeth about the purportedly marriage, instead of asking him directly or even having been told by him in advance. She thinks that being related family members makes her more important and even more close to him as Elizabeth, whom he might be in love with. This does not only show that Lady Catherine, the person of highest status in the novel, cannot estimate her power and influence on people, but also that she has a completely wrong image of relationships and feelings. Another passage, earlier in the novel, also shows how narrow-minded Lady Catherine is presented. When Elizabeth is invited by Mr Collins to firstly meet Lady Catherine at latter’s domicile, she is asked several questions about her family and her education. When it comes to talk about her four sisters, who have all been raised by her mother without the help of a governess, Lady Catherine is bewildered about it: â€Å"Has your governess left you? † â€Å"We never had any governess† [†¦] â€Å"Then who taught you? Who attended you? Without a governess you must have been neglected. [†¦] I always say that nothing is to be done in education without steady and regular instruction, and nobody but a governess can give it. † (127) Lady Catherine does at first not realize that she insults Elizabeth as being uneducated but also her mother as not being able to raise her children as well as a governess could have done. Again this shows on the one hand how unfittingly she behaves according to her high position in society, and on the other hand, how little she knows about feelings and relationships. Additionally, as Lady Catherine repeats again and again how skilled her daughter Anne is, but that due to her illness she is not able to show these skills, she proves herself as a fool, by pretending to know her daughter although she admits not having raised and therefore not being close to her daughter. One could argue that Lady Catherine is simply a rude, unsentimental character and nothing more. But the way she has been described before the reader even meats her personally in the novel and the discrepancy to her actually behavior, as well as the fact that she, as the person of highest rank, is one with the worst manners throughout the whole novel, add a sarcastic tone to her whole appearance. One cannot take her for full and at least her argument with Elizabeth about the marriage might make a reader laugh about her. To strengthen the argument of high-class people being presented in a sarcastic way, another character has to be presented, who has already been introduced earlier. Mr. Collins, who is typically not counted to the members of the high class, does play a similarly sarcastic role like Lady Catherine. Due to one outstanding reason, Mr. Collins can be seen as belonging to the higher class of society: he thinks of himself as something better than for instance the Bennet family, because he sees himself being accepted and understood by Lady Catherine and her society. This can be seen shortly before the visit at Rosings, when he reminds Elizabeth not to make herself uneasy about her apparel (123 ff. , as Lady Catherine is â€Å"far from requiring that elegance of dress in us, which becomes herself and daughter† (124). He advises her to put on whatever of her clothes was superior to the rest, as there was no occasion for any thing more, and finally, he remarks that Lady Catherine would not think the worse of her for being simply dressed, because she liked to have the distinction of rank preserved (124). Additionally, Mr. Collins will definitely hir e the estate of Longbourne and therefore will climb the social ladder by owning this place. As a result, one should take him as a member of the higher middle class, on the edge to the higher class. Therefore, his sarcastic presentation also proves the thesis of high-class people being presented more sarcastic in the novel. Mr. Collins’ character is one of most ridiculous ones in the whole story, mostly created by his way of speaking and his imagined highly recommended status. When Mr. Collins first enters the story, he is described by Mr. Bennet as seemingly being â€Å"a most conscientious and polite young man† (48), and he doubts not that Mr. Collins will â€Å"prove a valuable acquaintance† (48). Elizabeth, on the other hand, has quite a different view on him: â€Å"He must be an oddity, I think. I cannot make him out. There is something very pompous in his stile. [†¦] Can he be a sensible man? † After having met, the initially positive impression Mr. Bennet had about Mr. Collins, is corrected after latters visit at Longbourne: â€Å"Mr. Bennet’s expectations were fully answered. His cousin was as absurd as he had hoped, and he listen ed to him with the keenest enjoyment, maintaining the same time the most resolute composure of countenance [†¦]† (51) Generally, Mr. Collins’ behavior during his whole visit makes him appear more and more ridiculous. As Ferguson-Buttomer correctly states, he is not aware of â€Å"the sarcasm in his host’s choice of words as Mr. Bennet comments that he possesses ‘the talent of flattering with delicacy’ (51)† after he has praised the heavy-handed compliments he prepares for his patroness’ daughter. At another point of his visit, he is firstly unaware of insulting his cousins by asking who of them has been preparing their meal, and secondly creates a even more ironic atmosphere when he â€Å"continued to apologize for about a quarter of an hour† (49). The sarcastic tone that always traps his character in the novel is produced by his unawareness of excessive manners and thoughtless speeches. However, not only the Bennet family proves his sarcastic presentation, but also the description of Charlotte’s his wife thoughts about marrying him: â€Å"Mr. Collins to be sure was neither sensible nor agreeable; his society was irksome, and his attachment to her must be imaginary. But still he would be her husband. â€Å" (94) Especially in contrast to what Mr Collins thinks about the marriage makes the whole situation even more sarcastic, as he is lead by Lady Catherine’s advice to find a wife as soon as possible (50), and therefore already feels satisfied by following this advice, due to his servility towards her. Actually, the intended author, still being focalized partly by Charlotte Lucas, presents his proposal even more sarcastically: â€Å"His reception however was of the most flattering kind. Miss Lucas perceived him from an upper window as he walked towards the house, and instantly set out to meet him accidentally in the lane. But little had she dared to hope that so much love and eloquence awaited her here. † (93) The â€Å"love† and â€Å"eloquence† are totally meant in a sarcastic way, as well as the â€Å"flattery† of his proposal. Charlotte does not see their marriage as a romantic ceremony, as she is simply relieved of not having to die as an old maid (94). These few passages already prove Mr Collins’ sarcastic presentation, and there is even more evidence to be found. In a nutshell, especially in comparison to the presentation of Mrs Bennet, who is settled in the middle class, Mr Collins and Lady Catherine De Bourgh appear in a completely sarcastic light. Their extreme behaviour and their mistaken self-assessment prove both of them to be ridiculous and caricatured. Therefore one has to take into consideration that the sarcastic presentation of high-class characters is intended to criticise their arrogance on the one hand, and their unnoticed stupidity on the other. Of course, as not every main character of the novel has been analysed, a general judgment about those of the higher class, might not seem appropriate, but the fact that exactly the person of highest rank (Lady Catherine) and a clergyman, who should live with humility (Mr Collins), show these negative features, strengthen the thesis of high class characters being presented sarcastically, in order to criticise the upper class. Bibliography: Primary Source: Austen, Jane. Pride and Prejudice. 1813. Edt. Kinsley, James. Oxford University Press. Oxford: 2008. Secondary Sources: Bhattacharyya, Jibesh. Jane Austens Pride and Prejudice: The Atlantic Critical Studies. Atlantic Publishers amp; Dist. 2005. Blumenroth, Isabel. Lydia’s Elopement and Its Functions in Jane Austen’s Prideand Prejudice. Grin Verlag. Santa Cruz: 2006. Ernst, Reni. The Presentation of Speech and Thought in Jane Austen’s â€Å"Pride and Prejudice† and in Joe Wright’s Film Adaptation. Grin Verlag. Santa Cruz: 2008. Ferguson-Buttomer, Phyllis. So Odd a Mixture: Along the Autistic Spectrum in ‘Pride and Prejudice’. 2007. London, Philadelphia: Jessica Kingsley Publisher. Gast, Nicole. Marriages and the Alternatives in Jane Austens Pride and Prejudice. Grin Verlag. Norderstedt: 2005. Herbst, Tobias. Jane Austens Criticism of the Clergy in Pride and Prejudice. Grin. 2006. Kalil, Marie. CliffsNotes on Austen’s Pride and Prejudice. IDG Books Worldwide, Inc. 2011: Foster city. Kellner Michael. The Humour of Pride and Prejudice. Grin. 2005. Swisher, Clarice. Readings ond Pride and Prejudice. Greenhaven Press. 1999. Teachman, Debra. Understanding Pride and Prejudice. Greenwood Press. 1997.

London as a Global City

London as a Global City Introduction A global city is a city which has a big economic significance in the world. Thus for a city to be deemed as global or world class it has to pass certain criteria. These criteria include economic characteristics, political characteristics, cultural characteristics, transport characteristics, and many others such as population, information exchange, human capital, and business activities.Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on London as a Global City specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More According to recent surveys Asian cities are emerging as newcomers in the prominence of cities on the globe. For instance in the latest survey according to Kearney (2010), 5 of the top ten global cities come from Asia. Currently London is ranked second after New York City. Reasons why London is a global city The city of London is considered a global city because of many reasons. The city is a metropolitan and therefore it has a mixtur e of different cultures. According to Bloomberg Businessweek (2010), London ranks second after New York. This index is based on the rich human resource and the cultural wealth and other strengths. Business activities in London are also of a very high index. The human capital of the British capital is also increasing. Population of London According to Bentham (2010), London’s population is set to reach 8.3 million people. This means that the population is increasing by 10% in a period of eight years. In addition to this, more people in England are moving from the rural areas into London for many reasons. The report also states that fewer Londoners are moving abroad. Increased population has the advantage of increased human resource and also the presence of a ready market for goods and services. GDP of London The GDP of London is currently on the rise. As Packer (2004) writes, London has grown to become a major financial centre of the world. London is a metropolitan capital and which still remains a powerful center where the world gets sucked. Before being overtaken by New York in the twentieth century, London had been leading other world cities in terms of size and wealth. Cultural wealth of London Since time immemorial, London has continued to increase in its cosmopolitan state. The British capital has continued to attract human labor from across the whole world. For instance it attributes its name from Italian linguistics whereby the city of London emanated from the Roman Londonium which was a tribal capital of Britannia. Cultural wealth of London is an accompaniment of the way in which Britain gained colonial powers. Slave trade as Packer (2004) puts it, made Britain ports to fill with cultural diversity which later on spread to the interior.Advertising Looking for essay on geography? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Transport facilities London has invested heavily in the transport sect or. There is an excellent network of roads and railway lines traversing across London. London is also well known for its highly developed marine transport. The good network of transport facilities provides the ease of movement of goods to and from the market. Movement of Human labor is also enhanced. According to Litman (2006), London has continued to decongest its roads by implementing certain measures. Henrion (2010), also states that businessmen can travel quickly into London from other European cities. Medical facilities in London London is well endowed with world class medical facilities. According to Uhlhorn (2010), London health care facilities are among the top of the world as it is with the Australian facilities. Major laboratory researches are done in London universities. Medical centers such as the UCL medical center are also characterized by world class research facilities. Information exchange of London London was among the first city in the world to use transmission of information in form of radio waves. The use of this system is dated back during the Second World War when Britain used the technology of radar to track airplanes. London has also excelled in the IT sector such that its development has also been attributed to its existing IT policies. Business and economic activities There are many business activities in London. The major businesses activities include stock exchange, banking industry, insurance industry, transport industry, real estate business among others. Services in the business industry also present a major source of income for the Londoners. The City University, London (2010) informs how information exchange is used in almost all sectors and how Londoners are being educated on how to use this system. Political stability Political stability of Britain has enabled her capital to grow expansively throughout the years. British political system has enhanced the presence of peace. The presence of peace makes London an attractive pla ce to invest, visit or live. According to Durham (2005), political situation in London has been formulated to accommodate all kinds of people including gays. Conclusion In conclusion London’s prosperity has been depending upon the above factors. Other factors which have enabled London to develop to a world class city include, tourism sector whereby people from all over the world have been able to access London’s beauty. London has some of the best hotels in the world. In addition to all the above, Britain also has an excellent learning system whereby some of the universities are well known to be world class. This is according to the Consolidated School District of New Britain (2010)Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on London as a Global City specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Reference List Bentham, (2010). Population of London set to hit 8.3m high, Evening Standard, 2010 Web. Available at: thisislondon.co. uk/standard/article-23838968-population-of-london-set-to-. Bloomberg (2010). Business week, top global cities 2010 Web. Available at: http://images.businessweek.com/ss/10/09/0928_best_global_cities_2010/3.htmhit-83m-high.do . City University, London (2010). Guidelines on the use of Display Screen Equipment Web. Available at: city.ac.uk/hr/policies/wellbeing/display.html. Durham, M. (2005). Abortion, Gay Rights and Politics in Britain and America: A Comparison, Parliamentary Affairs Vol. 58 No. 1, Hansard Society for Parliamentary Government 2005, pp 89-103 Henrion, N. (2010). Transportation Guide from Paris to London by Air, Rail and Road Web. Available at: suite101.com/content/transportation-guide-from-paris-to-london-by-air-rail-and-road-a266441. Kearney, A.T. (2010). Global cities index Web. Available at: atkearney.com/index.php/Publications/global-cities-index.html . Litman, T. (2006). London Congestion Pricing Implications for Other Cities. Victoria Transport Policy Institute, pp 8.Advertising Looking for essay on geography? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Packer, D. (2004). London: Heart of Empire and Global City Socialist Outlook: SO/04 –  Autumn 2004 Web. Available at: isg-fi.org.uk/spip.php?article260 . The Consolidated School District of New Britain ct, (2010). Britain Board of Education website Web. Available at: csdnb.org/#home. Uhlhorn, D. (2010). The fifth estate, Medical facilities: Translational research – from the  Bench to the bedside Web. Available at: thefifthestate.com.au/ .

Reflection 8 Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Reflection 8 - Essay Example Land conservation efforts and environmental conservation efforts aimed at leading the world towards an environment where each person plays a responsible role in leading to protection of the environment. The writer advocates people to look at eating as agricultural act rather than an agricultural product that many people consider it as. (Berry, p.65) Specialization in production is an aspect that is considered to lead to specialization in consumption through which some species can survive the wrath of man and hence sustenance. The dependent nature of the populations on the consumption of agricultural products has an effect on the environmental activities that take place in the world. Most of the consumption is on products essential to man and hence the difficulty in protecting the species and ensuring that environmental efforts in conservation prove successful. The consumption levels differ and the efforts to introduce genetically modified foods indicate the desperate measures of the human population in dealing with the environmental effects and in trying to prepare for a total food lack. These indicate the pleasure of eating that people are working hard to protect and hence leaving the world at risk of more environmental

MGR #6 Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

MGR #6 - Essay Example A prayer is a religious expression of thanks or a request for help addressed to God or an object. According to this MGR prayers are not only concerned off wellbeing of the one praying, but the will of God to be done according to his wishes. Prayers are a communication between a human being and God. It is through this communication that human have  faith that their wishes will be answered. People pray for different reasons which include blessings, healing, and guidance. My second takeaway is confession. Confessions are statements made by a group of people or a person acknowledging personal facts that the group or the person would ostensibly prefer to keep hidden. Confession is one way of repentance. The main thing that leads to confessions is when a person sin. A sin is anything that come  between  the right ways of God and a person. One of the major drives to confession is fear. It keeps us away from enjoying our freedom until we confess our sins. Another reason for confession is to seek forgiveness. A human can feel guilty after a sin and, as a result, we tend to look for forgiveness from God or other people by confessing our

Ameloblastoma Case Study

Ameloblastoma Case Study Introduction: Ameloblastoma is the most common odontogenic epithelial tumor of the jaw bones. [REF] It was first described by Churchill in 1881 and defined by Robinson as a tumor that is usually â€Å"unicentric, nonfunctional, intermittent in growth, anatomically benign, and clinically persistent†.[M] Although most ameloblastomas are histologically benign and lack cytological atypia, they are generally considered to be locally aggressive and destructive, exhibiting various rates of recurrence. [K] WHO describes four variants of ameloblastoma, i.e. solid multicystic- follicular, plexiform, desmoplastic and unicystic. [Ref] However, many unusual histological variants have been reported in the past that mimic the conventional ameloblastomas but present with a widely variable histological presentation. Only few cases of such histological variants though have been reported in the literature which has made it difficult to predict the clinical course and biological behaviour of these variants. He re, we report a case of verrucopapillary ameloblastoma which is a very uncommon histopathological variant of ameloblastoma. Case report: An 18 year old male patient reported with a chief complaint of swelling in the right side of the lower jaw near the body of the mandible since 3 months which was visible on extraorally. The swelling was hard in consistency and was not associated with pain, paresthesia or discharge. The loco-regional lymph nodes were not palpable. On intraoral examination, the overlying mucosa showed swelling in the right buccal vestibular region without any signs of ulceration or paresthesia. The teeth in the region showed positive response to stimulus on vitality testing. The panoramic radiograph showed a lytic lesion with well defined margins in the premolar–molar region extending distal to the mandibular right second molar. The orthopantomograph of the patient showed a radiolucent multilocular osteolytic lesion extending from the distal periradicular area of 43 till right posterior body angle region corresponding to mesial crown outline of 48 antero-posteriorly and from the alveolar crest t ill the inferior mandibular cortex supero-inferiorly. The 3D cone beam computed tomography reconstruction showed a lesion measuring 5.9cm x 3.2cm x 2.7cm in size with fine curved and linear bony septae in the centre of the osteolytic area. The lesion was expansile with perforation of the buccal and lingual cortical plates and thinning of the inferior border of the mandible. The histopathological examination of the submitted specimen showed an unencapsulated lesion with mature fibrocellular stroma with proliferating odontogenic islands. The periphery of the tumour showed cystic cavity lined by hyperkeratinizing stratified squamous epithelium of varying thickeness. The lining epithelium was thrown into multiple sharp or blunt and rounded verrucopapillary projections into the cystic lumen plugged by keratin. These projections were supported by thin connective tissue cores. Keratin was seen deposited on the surface in the form of parallel lamella and keratin flakes were also present. An unusual finding seen in our case was the presence of acantholytic cells with areas of focal necrosis on the surfa. The lining epithelium shows basal layer with columnar cells with hyperchromatic nuclei and peripheral palisading with surface keratinization and cellular vacuolization indicative of KCOT like areas. Multiple odontogenic islands with peripheral columnar odontogenic cells with hyperchromatic nuclei were present in the connectice tissue stroma. The suppoting connective tissue stroma showed epithelial islands with acanthomatous changes and microcystic degeneration. Interconnecting strands of odontogenic epithelium resembling the plexiform variant were also present. The connective tissue was densely fibrocellular with numerous dilated and engorged blood vessels. Immunohistochemical staining with Ki-67 antibody showed intense positivity in the basal and supra-basal cells with infrequent positivity in the superficial cells indicative of high proliferative potential of the les ion. Immunohistichemical staining with anti-p53 antibody showed basal and suprabasal positivity of the lining epithelium suggestive of mutation in the tumour suppressor gene. Based on the histopathologic evaluation, a diagnosis of papilliferous keratoameloblastoma was given. The lesion was removed completely with wide excision and the patient has not reported back with any recurrence two after the surgery. Discussion: Ameloblastomas are common odontogenic tumour that show diverse, yet pathognomic histopathological features. However, wide variation has been reported in the past regarding the histopathological presentation of ameloblastoma. Squamous metaplasia has been reported commonly in the acanthomatous variant of ameloblastoma where the central stellate reticulum like areas are replaced by squamoid cells. This keratinization is well documented in some lesions such as odontogenic keratocyst, acanthomatous ameloblastoma, calcifying odontogenic cyst, squamous odontogenic tumor, and squamous odontogenic carcinoma. [G] Keratin formation has also been reported in another variant of ameloblastoma termed keratoameloblastoma, which was first described by Pindborg in 1970. Another variant of keratoameloblastoma, with verrucopapillary projections into the lumen has been reported under the name papilliferous ameloblastoma. Till date, 15 cases have reported in English literature with papilliferous histologi c components in ameloblastoma. [F] The distinction between acanthomatous ameloblastoma with keratin production and keratoameloblastoma is not clear. WHO in 2005 described keratin with pearl formation in ameloblastoma under the histologic variant of acanthomatous ameloblastoma. In 1992 classification of odontogenic tumours by WHO, it was defined as ameloblastoma with extensive keratinization. [G] However, Morgan et al have described ameloblastoma with unequivocal keratinization occurring in the centre of the epithelial follicles at the expense of the stellate reticulum-like areas as a keratoameloblastoma. Norval et al suggested that keratoameloblastoma should be considered a variant of acanthomatous ameloblastoma.[F] However, one criteria to distinguish acanthomatous ameloblastoma form keratoameloblastoma is the presence of keratin in the connective tissue stroma as compared to acanthomatous ameloblastoma which has keratin only in the areas showing sqauamous metaplasia in the centre of odontogenic islands and follicle. [H, cross ref 7] The present case in a male patient in the right mandibular body region is similar in presentation as compared to previously reported cases except the age of the patient which is comparatively younger (second decade) as compared to mean age of presentation of KA with papilliferous proliferation which occur at a relatively older age (mean age of occurrence in sixth decade). The right side of the mandible is commonly involved as compared to the left (2:1) with most cases reported in the posterior body-ramus region. [H] Our case differs from the previous cases in showing multiple papilliferous projections with acantholytic cells with necrotic and hemorrhagic material in the lumen and dilated, congested blood vessels. The lesion also showed multiple solid islands of odontogenic epithelium with hyperchromatic nuclei in the connective tissue stroma.[H] Whitt et al have described 4 variants of ameloblastoma showing keratin formation (Table 1). Corio et al.20 have described a keratinizing ameloblastic carcinoma showing the typical histologic features of malignancy in their series of ameloblastic carcinomas, which included pleomorphism, increased nuclear/cytoplastic ratio, nuclear hyperchromatism, increased numbers of mitotic figures, abnormal mitotic figures, and necrosis. Our case fulfils the criteria of papilliferous type of KA. The present case exhibited an elevated level of mitotic activity, altered p53 profile and proliferation index (Ki-67). It can be inferred that the lesion is comparatively more aggressive locally as compared to conventional ameloblastoma, and should be excised extensively to avoid local recurrence. [F] However, it is still unclear how the production of keratin in histopathologic variants of ameloblastoma affects the biological behaviour and prognosis of such lesions. The probable reason could be attributed to less number of reported cases with follow up of such variant to comment definitively on its behaviour. [G] Conclusion: Papilliferous keratoameloblastomas refers to a variant of ameloblastoma that is rarely reported and its biological behaviour is poorly understood. The present case shows higher proliferative activity in the basal and suprabasal cells of the tumour providing an indication of its local aggressiveness as compared to the conventional ameloblastomas. Presently, such lesions are treated in a manner similar to conventional ameloblastomas, though it lacks any authoritative evidence. Report of more such cases with longer follow up duration and molecular profiling is required in the future to completely understand the spectrum of clinical and histological features, biological behaviour and prognosis of such cases. Table 1 : Types Of Keratoameloblastoma Based On Histopathological Features(Whitt et al) Histological type Features Papilliferous histology Odontogenic epithelium is in papillary projections into the cystic spaces Simple histology Epithelial follicles filled with parakeratin or orthokeratin and lined by ameloblast like cells with reversal of polarity Simple histology with odontogenic keratocyst (OKC)-like features Features of conventional odontogenic keratocyst in addition to simple type Complex histology Epithelial follicles packed with parakeratin or orthokeratin, extrusion of keratin masses into connective tissue stroma in the form of pacinian like stacks with or without foreign body reaction; also there may be hard tissue formation resembling cementum and woven bone

Ethics of Online Air Ticket Reservations Systems Essay

Ethical issue is the belief in right or wrong with a particular area or system. In any organization ethical issue should be followed for the achievement of business objectives. Precision air reservation system, ethical issues are being considered for the achievement of company goal. The following are ethical issues relating to airline reservation system Security; Information’s which are being provided by users should be secure. The system will ensure the safety of customers. All transaction activities will be secured. Nobody will be able to gain access to see bank accounts and other relevant information’s. Privacy issue; Personal information should not be sold to third parties (other people apart from administrator and end-user) for their benefit. All booking information collected in the booking form, payment form should be kept confidential according to how privacy policy of the system claims. Equality of Access in the system; All people are allowed to use the system anytime they want for booking purpose only. Security; by providing the best and stable system to make customer’s information secure from unauthorized people to gain it. Through creation of administrator account who will be the only person who has access to view this kind of information in the system. This will make system secure especially for transaction. Privacy policy; through providing privacy policy page in the system, Customers will be aware of how their information are being used in an organization. And make sure that customer’s information is not released to other organization without customers consent. Equality of accessing system and performing regular functions such as book for flight, viewing schedule etc. anybody can be able to view the system and make book for flight. Equality will be for only unregistered members. Registered member will be given priority and offers.

Parenting Skills Essay

Review Questions 1. What are the differences between being a biological parent, an adoptive parent, and a foster parent? A biological parent are your real blood parents, an adoptive parent is your parent till you’re 18, and a foster home basically is somewhere to stay and home family till you get adopted not really a permanent situation. 2. What financial needs are parents obligated to provide and which are optional? Up to the age of 18 (unless they move out before) Then clothes, school, food, place to live ,utility bills etc, some kids have activities which would be provided by giving pocket money, educational toys and books, toiletries. Christmas presents are optional but cover fun toys etc after 18 I would hope she will have a job and can contribute towards bills etc. 3. What other needs might a child have that a parent is expected to provide? Toys for them to play with, love, support, food and a safe place to grow up in. 4. What are the qualities of a nurturing parent? A nurturing parent w ould never give up on their child and go throw everything with them. Would do anything for them even in the worst situation. Critical Thinking Questions 1. What qualities make a person a good parent? A bad parent? A good parent would be there for their child and do whats best for them. A bad parent wouldn’t show any love or care. 2. Which parental responsibilities do you think would be the most challenging? Why? I think letting go over your child and letting them go off on their own, because you will think they’re not safe or okay without you. 3. Which parental responsibilities do you think would be the most interesting to you? Why? I guess getting them their first pet. I love animals and when I do have kids one day I would love to teach them how to take care of the pet. 4. What are some things that people can do to prepare for parenthood? Nothing, because you wont know what to expect until it happens.