Should Indonesia Redenomindate Its Currency?

Should Indonesia Redenomindate Its Currency?The monetary crisis that hit Southeast Asian Countries from July 1996 affected the development of the Indonesian economy. App arntly, the Indonesian economy was not able to face the global crisis engulfing the world. Indonesias economical crisis began with the weakening of the rupiah against the US dollar. On August 1st, 1997, the rupiah fell from 2,575 to 2,603 per dollar. In December 1997, the grade of the rupiah against the US dollar fell to 5,000 per dollar. Soon, in March 1998, the rupiah continued to weaken and reached the lowest point, 16,000 per dollar. Adam (2000) argues that it seems Indonesias economic crisis could not be separated from a alteration of conditions, namely (1) Indonesia foreign debt was very large. Although, the debt is not fully national debt, which means some parts argon private debt, just it had a great found on worsening the economic crisis . (2) Industrialization the New Order government wanted to make I ndonesia an industrialized country. The desire was not in accordance with true(predicate) conditions of Indonesian society, which was predominantly agrarian with a very low level of education. (3) The centralized administration of the New Order government meant that all(a) policies were determined from Jakarta. Therefore, the all-important(a) role of local governments only served as an extension of the central government.However, by the year of 2009 Indonesian economic development had become more stable than before. In fact, when near countries in the world experiencing negative economic growth, Indonesias gross domestic product growth rate reached 4.5 percent (Indonesian Central Statistic Agency, 2010). This put Indonesia as one of the three go around performing countries in economic terms the following year, in addition to China and India. Based on second Quarterly Indonesian Economic harvesting Report in 2010, Indonesias high economic growth, supported by increase of export s, investment recovery, and maintained the level of public consumption (Indonesia Central Statistic Agency, 2010).Based on the largest Indonesian online newspaper Kompas.com, in August 2010, due to economic growth and stability, the Central Bank of Indonesia planned to perform a redenomination of rupiah . Redenomination could be conducted in a situation in which macro-economic conditions, economic growth and inflation were stable and under control. Redenomination, in this case, means reducing digits (zeros) without reducing the value of those currencies. For example, the 1,000-rupiah bill would become 1 new rupiah in order to alter the denomination (floating) currency into smaller fragments. With this simplification simultaneously carried out also on the footings of goods, this process would not channelize peoples purchasing power (Ioana, 2005).Based on E. Borensztein and J.D. Gregorio (1999) research paper I can explained that in redenomination, the value of money for goods has not changed only the way of musical composition the reference and floating currencies are changed and adjusted. This is different from devaluation, where the value of money for goods became smaller, beca single-valued function it cuts the value of the goods . Devaluation done in the event of very high inflation and macroeconomic conditions are not healthy. Some examples of redenomination for one liter of petrol price currently at Rp. 4,500 per liter, if redenomination cut up to three digits (three zeros), then that must be remunerative about (new) Rp. 4.5 for 1 liter of petrol due to the price of one liter of petrol is also expressed the same in fractional units. age sanering, if there is sanering per thousand rupiah, then by Rp. 4.5 can only purchase 1/1000 or 0.001 liters of gasoline .The principal aim of currency redenomination is to simplify fractions and to make it more efficient and comfortable in transactions (Oluba, 2008). Besides that, currency redenomination could make economic disparity within regional countries looks more equal and could overcome criticisms like that from Fox News (2008) , which claimed that Indonesias currency was among the worlds worst ten.Therefore, this paper bequeath argue that Indonesia should redenominate its currency because of its positive repair on society and its economic influences within the region.Economic Impact of RedenominationRedenomination might have a direct impact on the Indonesian economy. Mas (1995, p. 487) shows that during the transition period, redenomination is a very expensive and period consuming practice. Mas goes on to say that, at first, redenomination increases transaction time. However, despite the claims of like Mas who argue that, during the transition period, redenomination increases transaction time, Ahmad Bello (2007, p. 10) points out that in the accounting field, management will spent less time in evaluating and digitalizing financial data. moreover, while indeed it is possible that r edenomination may cause changing prices in labels,menusand catalogs,, technical and operational problems arising from the use of figures with multiple zeros could soon be settled. This could help in developing the custom of using coins. Third, it is undeniable that changing the currency denomination may also read change the balance sheets and accounting records. On the separate hand, by using minimum number of zeros it would possibly be advantageous for businesses, as it would make things easier in terms of financial data input and reporting financial information and also business transaction process ( Ahmad Bello, 2007, p. 11).However, Mas (1995, p. 487) mentions that currency redenomination has no direct impact on the economy or has little economic significance. The reason for this is that, as long as the value of the currency remains absolutely constant, and the ability to deprave remains the same, the demand and supply services will not change means that there is no impact on macro and micro economic aspect net investment, government spending, balance of payments and net exports will only suffer very little impact and on household consumption level, the inconsistency between pre and post redenomination currency will not be clearly seen as there is only minor psychological problems in related with customs. (Mosley, 2002 Zabuliene, 2005 Ncube, 2007 curb Capital Limited, 2007)Psychological Effect on RedenominationPsychological worries may occur to Indonesian people that the currency may go back to multiple zeros subsequently redenomination due to inflation. This is suggested by evidence that lower income levels psychologically suffer most of the effects of redenomination (Simge Tarhan, 2006). Evidence for this is that redenomination may generates artificial inflation in low price goods which the poor often buys. (Ahmad Bello, 2007, p. 14) . For example, in Nigeria, a N163 commodity in the present Naira becoming N1.63 may suddenly be charged at new N2 if the coins which would bespeak to be used for the new transactions are not well-accepted, as it appears to be the case with the coins currently in circulation. However, Ahmad Bello (2007, p.6) believes that the psychological effect, which creates a sense of individuality, is the most common reasons for a country engaging in currency redenomination. Similarly, Cohen (2004) posits that a national currency not only facilitates economic transactions but affects citizens identity and subsequently the legitimacy of the national government .Lost of Value after RedenominationLayna Mosley (2005, p. 10) mentioned that there were concerns about people starting to view their currencies as diminished in value, both economically and symbolically. Data to support this is that, Aluko (2007) provides list of many African and non-African countries whose citizens almost lost confidence in their currencies. According to him, as at July 2007, a US dollar ($1) turns 9270 cedi in Ghana, 9426 rupiah in Indonesia, 9861 franc/ariari in Madagascar, 10184 kip in Lao and 15921 dong in Vietnam. However, it has been argued that most common objective of redenomination is to ensure believability (Layna Mosley, 2005, p. 6). Furthermore, certain governments adopt redenomination strategies in order to improve their monetary sovereignty and control tendency for currency substitution. On the grounds that, transition to single-digit inflation could recompense the credibility of currency. In fact, research shows that enhanced credibility can improve government electoral fortunes, as citizens reward economic growth and macroeconomic field of honor (Armijo, 1996 Stokes, 2002 in Mosley, 2005) and it can improve a governments treatment as a borrower, as a location for private investment, and as a defender of an exchange rate in the eyes of global capital markets (Leblang, 2002 Jensen, 2005).Redenomination As A Solution StrategyMosley (2005, p.1) argues that a few countries with high inflation level do not consider currency redenomination as a strategy. Indeed, some countries are very cautious about redenomination (Ishiekwene, 2007). For example, since the beginning year of 1997, South Koreas won has go to 932 to a dollar , Hungarys forint is 216, and Japans yen is 117, yet these countries put aside redenomination as their solution (Araki, 2001 Mosley, 2005). If there is going to be high inflation in the future, this redenomination class will only be an extra cost to the economy. However, currency redenomination is usually done when countries are experiencing hyper-inflationary pressures which have the effect of making its local currency unattractive (Ahmad Bello, 2007, p. 1). Simge Tarhan (2006) provides a clear case of hyper-inflation in Turkey where a bottle of drinking water cost 300,000 TL, a movie ticket 7,500,000 TL, Toyota Corolla 32,900,000,000 TL (32 billion), and GDP in 2002 273,463,167,795,000,000 TL (273 quadrillion) before the old Lira was redenominated by rem oving six zeros. Aluko (2007) cites the example of Zimbabwe that experienced years of inflation that hit 1200% a year. Determination in bringing inflation down to single digits permanently could be better comprehended. In some cases, if the timing was correct, redenomination could cap off high levels of inflation.Redenomination As A Solution MechanismIgnacio Mas (1995) states that currency redenomination has been used as a solution mechanism throughout history. The reason for this is that redenomination often occurs after economic crises, as governments undertake to convince citizens and markets that hyperinflation is a thing of the historic (Mosley, 2005, p. 1). According to Ishiekwene (2007), historical evidence suggests that redenomination had been very successful in an environment of macroeconomic stability, declining inflation, stable exchange rates, fiscal restraint and direction and rational expectations of policy credibility.ConclusionOverall, I would recommend that Indon esia should redenominate its currency, since redenomination generates little impact on both macro and micro economic. In addition, redenomination affects rupiah expression looks more attractive which increases citizens pride and confidence for their national identity, whereas, it could also influences the legitimacy of the national government. Furthermore, based on historical evidence, redenomination is very common strategy in the past to overcome hyperinflation and also to increase the credibility of currency in a stable macro and micro economic, declining inflation, exchange rates, fiscal restraint and prudence conditions. When the timing is perfect, redenomination could cap off low level value currency to reach its dignity.Winstons Relationship With Julia 1984Winstons Relationship With Julia 1984George Orwells Nineteen Eighty-Four explores the alliance between Winston and Julia. Orwell does this by emotionally enlightening the audience of Winstons day to day life of jockey, pa in, hurt and accomplishment. Winston and Julia share a secret consanguinity that eventually contributes to Winstons tragic destine of at last being alone and engaging long Brother. Whilst Winston was being tortured in The Ministry Of Love he painfully overcame his hate towards colossal Brother and was brainwashed into loving Big Brother like the rest of the citizens of Airstrip one. This, therefore, means nobody can disapprove Big Brothers horrific behaviour laws. However there are other factors that contribute to his downfall. Winston tries on many different occasions to reclaim past memories this involves keeping an illegal diary, which is later used against him in fashion 101. The stark rules and regulations that govern the citizens lives enforced by Big Brother contributed to Winstons fate. Without such strict rules Winston and Julias race would not have been forbidden and there would be no exact for them to sneak around, and eventually be caught and punished. Winston also rents a room in the parole area of town with Julia, which they believe is a safe and private place, but blatantly find out they arent in solitude, their every move was being documented. With the strict regulations prohibiting relationships both Julia and Winston find themselves thrown into the Ministry of Love where Winston is tortured and goes insane. These actions are factors that star topology to Winstons fate, however it is ultimately his relationship with Julia that is trustworthy for his tragic fate.Winstons relationship with Julia can be seen as the ultimate reason for his fate. Although the strict rules enforced frustrated Winston, he didnt learn to adapt well to the rules, therefore his uncontrollable actions of continuing to see Julia ultimately lead to his tragic fate. Winston and Julia build up a very trustworthy secret relationship, after she gives him a note that reads I love you, which they both new was extremely illegal. Whilst their affair was blooming Winsto ns ulcer stopped being inflame and his health improved dramatically, opposite to when he was in the Ministry Of Love. This shows that when he was taken away from his lover his tragic fate started to form. They continued seeing each other for a long period of time and proceeded in renting a room to have private sexual intercourse. Julia and Winstons relationship is very organized and secret.Winstons relationship with Julia is one of the main reasons that lead to Winstons fate. If Winston had never broken the rules and met or read Julias note it is arguable that he could still hate and not respect Big Brother. Instead after coming out of being tortured in room 101 his views and beliefs change dramatically about Big Brother, he believes that Big Brother is god and is mesmerized to believe whatever Big Brother implies is correct. Winston and Julia rent a room in the parole area of town. They believe it is a very private room because it has no visible telescreens, however they were wron g. They got caught and where punished and separated in The Ministry of Love whilst being tortured. This lead to Winstons fate in room 101 where OBrien horrifically tortured him with his very own words from his diary. As a result of pursuing a relationship with Julia, he was being forced to love and respect Big Brother and his choices, his feelings for Julia decreased. OBrien used Winstons diary entries against him along with torturing Winston with Rats, this lead Winston to choose life over Julia there was just one individual to whom he could transfer his punishment. One body who he could thrust between himself and the rats. He was shouting frantically over and over. Do it to Julia. Do it to Julia, not to me. I dont care what you do to her. Rip her face off. Strip her to the bone. Not to me Julia not me This positions the readers to feel sorry for Winston and shows the readers that enough torturing and your beliefs and relationships quickly change and crumble drastically. Furthermo re whilst Winston was in the Ministry of Love he became very weak and physically ill, he got extremely sick and could hardly move and didnt eat.Winston is obsessed with reclaiming past memories. This obsession contributed to Winstons fate because of his blatant disregard for the rules, as it is illegal to reclaim past memoires. He cannot accept that the past is gone and is being changed right in front of him. Winston buys a diary from Mr. Charingtons shop. The diary helps him remember his day to day activates and own individual history and language, however he address each diary entire to OBrien, because he feels they are friends and he can trust him. OBrien later uses Winstons diary against him in the Ministry Of Love. Not only did Winston lose his relationship with Julia he also lost his relationship with OBrien, as he betrayed Winston. OBrien reads and re -reads phrases Winston had written in his diary using them against him, forcing happy memoires never to be remembered again Hi s soul, white as snow. OBrien also strategically tortures Winston with rats, because Winston had mentioned in his diary that his greatest fear of all was rats. Which lead to Winston losing his mind and lead to his disastrous fate. The diary allowed OBrien to know what would really hurt Winston and therefore increased the intensity of his torture, and contributed to his mental and physical state. However these rules were reality and Winstons stubbornness of not accepting them and having a relationship with Julia led to his fate.Overall George Orwells Nineteen Eighty-Four explores the relationship between Winston and Julia and demonstrates that not only does Julia and Winstons secret relationship contribute to his tragic fate, but in some way Winston brought it upon himself by refusing to let go of past memories and refusing to accept the strict rules which govern his life. Winstons actions as a result of this refusal such as buying the dairy and renting the room lead to his demise. A fter he was caught having a secret relationship and his diary was used against him as a form of personal torture. However ultimately it is this secret relationship shared with Julia that is responsible for his fate of going insane and becoming mentally sick but most of all He had won the victory over himself. He love big brother. Winston fate ended up being mesmerised by Big Brother just like everybody else in Airstrip one all because of Julia.